Development of Digestive Enzymes in California Halibut <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys californicus</Emphasis> Larvae

California halibut Paralichthys californicus is an important commercial species with high aquaculture potential in Baja California Sur, México. To optimize the feeding process using live prey and/or inert diets, we evaluated alkaline proteases, pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, lipase, α-amylase, and acid and alkaline phosphatase activities on starved larvae and larvae fed live prey. Highest activities were observed for alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase in feeding larvae than starved larvae on day 4 after hatching. At day 5, a sizeable increase in all enzymatic activities was detected in feeding larvae. Alkaline protease, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and alkaline phosphatase decreases progressively from day 5 until day 18. At day 18, a slight pepsin activity was observed. This was considered an indicator of the start of digestive system maturation. We concluded that total enzymatic equipment for this species is complete between day 18 and 30 after hatching. Based on this evidence, early weaning from live prey to inert feed would be possible at this time.     

Epidermal proteases of the Japanese eel

A fluorescent-sensitive assay was used to demonstrate the protease activity in the dorsal skin of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). Two distinct extracts were separately prepared from skin mucus and epidermal cell layers, with no mutual contamination. The epidermal extract was sensitive to various substrates, whereas there was no, or only marginal, susceptibility to the same substrates for the mucous extract. Optimum hydrolysis pHs of the epidermal extract was variable and below pH 7.0, and the optimum hydrolysis temperatures were between 40 and 50 °C. In addition, Tos-Phe-Ch₂Cl, chymostatin, CdCl₂, CuCl₂, HgCl₂ and ZnCl₂ inhibited protease activities to different extents. Several other reagents specifically affected the protease activities, and their induced effects were useful for the identification of epidermal proteases. The findings indicate that a proteolytic factor, exhibiting various enzymological specificities, is retained within epidermal cell layers of Japanese eel. This factor is composed of 4 distinct proteases, such as cathepsins L and B-like proteases, a serine protease and an aminopeptidase.     

苹果变产树芽内源激素变化规律研究

以23年生富士苹果为试材,研究了变产结果树(以稳产树为对照)生长期短枝顶芽以及休眠期花芽和叶芽内源激素的变化特征。结果表明:休眠期和生长期,顶芽、花芽和叶芽中IAA、ZR、GA和ABA的含量均为大年树稳产树小年树。三类结果树花芽和叶芽中IAA、ZR、GA3和ABA含量在休眠期较为稳定,进入萌芽期后除ABA外均有所增加,且均以叶芽中各激素含量增加较明显,增幅分别为3.0%~7.6%、4.3%~22.3%和8.6%~10.3%,而叶芽中ABA含量明显降低,降幅为30.8%~41.2%。     

干旱胁迫对福建山樱花和日本樱花幼苗内源激素的影响

以1年生福建山樱花和日本樱花实生苗为试材,设置对照(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(LS)、中度干旱胁迫(MS)、重度干旱胁迫(HS)4种处理,探究干旱胁迫对福建山樱花和日本樱花幼苗内源激素的影响。结果表明:2个树种在LS处理下,GA3(赤霉素)和IAA(生长素)的含量均高于对照,ABA(脱落酸)的含量和对照无显著差异。在MS和HS处理下,GA3和IAA含量呈现明显降低趋势,ABA、ABA/GA3和ABA/IAA的含量呈现明显的增加趋势。随着干旱胁迫处理时间的延长,在LS处理下,GA3、IAA和ABA的含量无显著变化,而MS和HS处理中,GA3和IAA含量呈现出下降趋势,ABA含量、ABA/GA3和ABA/IAA呈增加的趋势。随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,福建山樱花ABA、GA3、IAA、ABA/GA3和ABA/IAA的含量均要低于日本樱花,这表明日本樱花比福建山樱花可能存在着更强的通过调节自身的激素水平来应对外界干旱胁迫的能力,这可能正是日本樱花比福建山樱花更加抗旱的生理机制之一。     

高产棉花叶片内源激素与氮磷钾吸收积累的关系及其对棉铃

本文通过肥控结合对高产棉叶内源激素的影响及其棉株的生理生化代谢研究表明： 肥料和 缩节安(DPC)化控配合能促进结铃期棉叶中IAA、 GA3和ZR含量的提高, 降低ABA的含量, 从而诱导根系氨基酸和蛋白质的合成, 促进棉叶RuBPase和蔗糖转化酶活性提高, 有利于 光合增强和光合产物输出, 促进棉株各器官对氮、 磷、 钾的吸收,     

Digestive enzymes of the crustaceans Munida and their application in cheese manufacturing: a review

Crustaceans Munida (fam. Galatheideae, ord. Decapodi) were fished in the Southern Adriatic Sea and their proteolytic activities were characterized and tested for potential application in cheese manufacturing. Enzymes extracted from whole crustaceans, mainly serine proteases, showed high caseinolytic and moderate clotting activities. Analysis by 2D zymography of the digestive enzymes extracted from Munida hepatopancreas, showed the presence of several isotrypsin- and isochymotrypsin-like enzymes in the range of 20-34 kDa and 4.1-5.8 pI. Moreover, specific enzymatic assays showed the presence of aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases A and B. Overall, optimum activity was achieved at pH 7.5 and 40-45 °C. Caseinolytic activity, determined both spectrophotometrically and by SDS gel electrophoresis, indicated higher activity on β-casein than on α-casein. Miniature cheddar-type cheeses and Pecorino-type cheeses were manufactured by adding starter, rennet and Munida extracts to milk. Reverse-phase HPLC and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry showed a more complex pattern of proteolytic products in cheeses made using Munida instead of chymosin. Munida extracts were found to degrade the chymosin-derived β-casein fragment f193-209, one of the peptides associated with bitterness in cheese. In conclusion, Munida digestive enzymes represent a promising tool for development of new cheese products and shorten cheese ripening when used either alone or in addition to calf rennet.     

两种常用方法测定鸡内源氨基酸损失量的比较研究

用无氮日粮法和饥饿法测定了16只400日龄正常成年海兰褐父母代种公鸡的鸡内源氨基酸损失量的差异情况。结果表明,两种方法测定的内源氨基酸中,甘氨酸、赖氨酸和胱氨酸的内源损失量差异不显著(P>0.05),其他内源氨基酸损失量为无氮日粮法极显著高于饥饿法(P<0.01);用无氮日粮法测定的内源总氨基酸损失量极显著高于饥饿法(P<0.01)。     

白桦插穗生根的内源激素和营养物质

分析了白桦嫩枝扦插生根过程中插穗内源激素和营养物质含量变化 ,以及生根促进剂等处理对内源激素和营养水平的影响 ,结果表明 :在生根过程中IAA、ABA和可溶性糖含量变化明显 ,可用IAA/ABA的比值作为衡量白桦插穗生根能力的指标。生根促进剂在根原基孕育期间能显著增加IAA和ZR含量 ,减少ABA和GA4的含量。IAA/ABA和可溶性糖含量随母树年龄的增加而减少 ,不同年龄母树插穗的生根能力与总氮关系不密切 ,而主要决定于可溶性糖水平。无性系间IAA/ABA存在明显差异。插穗留 1片叶时生根率高 ,其插穗的IAA/ABA、可溶性糖及C/N均高     

外源GA_3对大粒小麦内源激素及碳氮化合物含量的调节效应

用20 mg/L的GA3溶液处理开花后10 d的不同粒型冬小麦品种。处理后大粒品种籽粒和旗叶中的内源GA3含量高于小粒品种,而ABA含量却低于小粒品种,其变化趋势均为单峰曲线,大粒品种籽粒和旗叶中的内源GA3的峰值高于小粒品种,而ABA的峰值低于小粒品种;大粒品种籽粒和旗叶中GA3/ABA的峰值均高于小粒品种,且灌浆末期仍保持较高水平;两品种籽粒中可溶性糖含量均表现为"低-高-低"趋势,蛋白质含量则表现为"高-低-高"趋势,且灌浆中后期大粒品种籽粒中蛋白质含量上升较快,而小粒品种上升缓慢。     

水分胁迫下甘薯内源激素的变化与品种抗旱性的关系

 采用酶联吸附免疫法 (ELISA) ,测定了干旱条件下甘薯叶片内吲哚乙酸 (IAA)、赤霉素 (GA3 )、异戊烯基腺嘌呤 (iPA)、玉米素核苷 (ZR)和脱落酸 (ABA)等 5种内源激素的含量 ,并研究了这些内源激素与品种抗旱性的关系。结果表明 ,水分胁迫下甘薯各品种中IAA、GA3 、iPA及ZR含量均有所下降 ,ABA含量却显著增加 ,且品种抗旱性愈强 ,IAA、GA3 、iPA和ZR下降幅度愈大 ,ABA增加幅度愈小。它们的相对含量 (占对照 % )与品种抗旱性均呈极显著负相关 (r分别为 - 0 .90 70、- 0 .94 93、- 0 .95 0 9、- 0 .86 74和 - 0 .9117)。